Clever Geek Handbook

Antifa

Who are Antifa? Not to be confused with .



An antifa stickerThe antifa () movement in the is a militant, , movement which comprises activist groups that aim to achieve their political objectives through the use of rather than through policy reform. Activists engage in varied protest tactics, including , property damage, physical violence and against those whom they identify as fascist, racist or on the .

Individuals involved in the movement tend to hold views, and subscribe to a range of ideologies such as , , , and .

Contents History Further information: Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion, the militant anti-fascist network in 1930s Germany that inspired the antifa movementThe logo as it appears on a flag held by an antifa member in , Germany in 2008When Italian dictator consolidated power under his in the mid-1920s, an oppositional movement surfaced both in Italy and countries such as the United States. Many anti-fascist leaders in the United States were syndicalist, anarchist, and socialist ĂŠmigrĂŠs from Italy with experience in labor organizing and militancy. Ideologically, antifa in America sees itself as the successor to anti-Nazi activists of the 1930s; European activist groups that originally organized to oppose -era fascist dictatorships re-emerged in the 1970s and 1980s to oppose and , and eventually spread to America. After , but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with fascist elements continued sporadically.

Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's scene by in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of in Germany following the . In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism. Columnist writes that "in the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups (ARA) on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism."

historian Mark Bray, author of , credits ARA as the precursor of the modern US antifa groups in the United States and Canada. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and bands in order to prevent Klansmen, neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting. Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront far-right activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places. In 2002, the ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by , the head of the white supremacist group , resulting in a fight and twenty-five arrests. One of the earliest antifa groups in the U.S. was , which was formed in in 2007.

Other antifa groups in the U.S. have other genealogies, for example in , Minnesota, where a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly.

Terminology The English word antifa is a from German, taken from a contraction of the word antifaschistisch ("anti-fascist") and the name of . , which placed "antifa" on its shortlist for in 2017, said the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017". The makes a point that the label "antifa" should be limited to "those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries," and not be misapplied to include all counter-protesters.

Ideology and activities Antifa is not an interconnected or unified organization, but rather a movement without a hierarchical leadership structure, comprising multiple autonomous groups and individuals. Activists typically organize protests via social media and through . Some activists have built peer-to-peer networks, or use encrypted-texting services like . According to Chauncey Devega at , antifa is an organizing strategy, not a group of people. The antifa movement has grown since the 2016 presidential election and, as of August 2017, approximately 200 groups existed, of varying sizes and levels of activity. The activists involved subscribe to a range of ideologies, typically on the left, and they include anarchists, socialists and communists along with some liberals and social democrats.

According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the , antifa activists feel the need to participate in violent actions because "they believe that elites are controlling the government and the media. So they need to make a statement head-on against the people who they regard as racist". According to Mark Bray, the adherents "reject turning to the police or the state to halt the advance of white supremacy. Instead they advocate popular opposition to fascism as we witnessed in Charlottesville".

The idea of is central to the antifa movement. Former antifa organizer told an interviewer:

> The idea in Antifa is that we go where they [right-wingers] go. That hate speech is not free speech. That if you are endangering people with what you say and the actions that are behind them, then you do not have the right to do that. And so we go to cause conflict, to shut them down where they are, because we don't believe that Nazis or fascists of any stripe should have a mouthpiece.

A manual posted on It's Going Down, an anarchist website, warns against accepting "people who just want to fight". It furthermore notes that "physically confronting and defending against fascists is a necessary part of anti-fascist work, but is not the only or even necessarily the most important part".

activists with modified and in a protest against in 2017According to Beinart, antifa activists "try to publicly identify white supremacists and get them fired from their jobs and evicted from their apartments", and they also "disrupt white-supremacist rallies, including by force". According to a Washington Post book review, "Antifa tactics include ',' i.e. denying their targets the opportunity to speak out in public; obstructing their events and defacing their propaganda; and, when antifa activists deem it necessary, deploying violence to deter them." According to , antifa's "approach is confrontational," and "people who speak for the Antifa movement acknowledge they sometimes carry clubs and sticks." describes antifa as "known for causing damage to property during protests". Scott Crow says that members of antifa believe that property destruction does not "equate to violence." The groups have been associated with physical violence in public against police and, according to The Los Angeles Times, they have engaged in "mob violence, attacking a small showing of supporters of President Trump and others they accused, sometimes inaccurately, of being white supremacists or Nazis." Antifa activists used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists in Charlottesville and caused property damage. According to the Kansas City Star, in 2017, "Kansas City police told antifa members to remove ammunition from their firearms at a rally Saturday in Washington Square Park"; the "Three Percenters", who were also carrying firearms at the rally, were also approached by police.

Apart from the other activities, antifa activists engage in , such as disaster response in the case of . According to Natasha Lennard in , as of January 2017 antifa groups were working with groups and churches "to create a New , continuing and expanding a 40-year-old practice of providing spaces for refugees and immigrants". Antifa activists also do research to monitor and track the "methods and movements of far-right leaders", hold conferences and workshops on anti-fascist activism, and advocate ways of "fostering sustainable, peaceful communities", such as "tending neighborhood gardens and setting up booths at book fairs and film festivals" where they provide printed materials.

In June 2017, the antifa movement was linked to "anarchist extremism" by the . This assessment was replaced with one in 2019 which states that "Antifa is a movement that focuses on issues involving racism, sexism, and anti-Semitism, as well as other perceived injustices. The majority of Antifa members do not promote or endorse violence; however, the movement consists of anarchist extremists and other individuals who seek to carry out acts of violence in order to forward their respective agendas." In September 2017 obtained confidential documents and interviews indicating that in April 2016, the and the believed that "anarchist extremists" were the primary instigators of violence at public rallies against a range of targets. Politico interviewed unidentified law enforcement officials who noted a rise in activity since the beginning of the Trump administration, particularly a rise in recruitment (and on the part of the far right as well) since the Charlottesville . One internal assessment acknowledged an inability to penetrate the groups' "diffuse and decentralized organizational structure". By 2017, the FBI and DHS reported that they were monitoring suspicious antifa activity in relation to terrorism. In August 2017 a petition was lodged with the calling upon the government to formally classify "AntiFa" as terrorist. The White House responded in 2018 that federal law does not have a mechanism for formally designating domestic terrorist organizations. The writer of the petition later said he had created it to "bring our broken right side together," and to "prop up antifa as a punching bag."

In June 2018, a Nebraska antifa group published a list of names and photographs of 1,595 (ICE) officials, drawn from profiles.

Antifa activists often use the tactic, in which people dress all in black and cover their faces, in order to thwart surveillance, and create a sense of equality and solidarity among participants. Antifa activists wear masks to hide their "...identity from protestors on the other side (who might people they disagree with) or from police and cameras" and for philosophical reasons, such as the beliefs that "hierarchies are bad and that remaining anonymous helps keep one's ego in check." Joseph Bernstein from BuzzFeed News says antifa activists also wear masks because "...they fear retribution from the far right and the cops, whom they believe are sympathetic if not outright supportive to fascists."

Notable activism Antifa groups, along with activists, were among those who protested the 2016 election of . They also participated in the against speaker , where they gained mainstream attention, with media reporting them "throwing Molotov cocktails and smashing windows" and causing $100,000 worth of damage.

In April 2017, two groups described as "anti-fascist/anarchist", including the socialist/environmentalist Direct Action Alliance, threatened to disrupt the in Portland, Oregon, after hearing that the would participate. The parade organizers also received an anonymous email, saying: "You have seen how much power we have downtown and that the police cannot stop us from shutting down roads so please consider your decision wisely". The two groups denied having anything to do with the email. The parade was ultimately canceled by the organizers due to safety concerns.

On June 15, 2017, some antifa groups joined protestors at to oppose the far-right group 's event. Patriot Prayer was supporting biology professor who became the central figure in a controversy after he criticized changes to one of the . In addition to peaceful antifa activists who held up a "community love" sign, reported that one slashed the tires of far-right activist and another was wrestled to the ground by Patriot Prayer activists after being seen with a knife.

Antifa counter-protesters at the in in August 2017 "certainly used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists". Journalist Adele Stan interviewed an antifa protester at the rally who said the sticks carried by the protesters are a justifiable countermeasure to the fact that "the right has a goon squad". Some antifa participants at the Charlottesville rally chanted that counter-protesters should "punch a Nazi in the mouth". Antifa participants also protected and various clergy from attack by white supremacists, with West stating he felt that antifa had "saved his life". Antifa activists also defended the First United Methodist Church, where the Charlottesville Clergy Collective provided refreshments, music and training to the counter-protesters and, according to a local rabbi, "chased [the white supremacists] off with sticks".

Antifa protesters during a Trump rally in , August 22, 2017Groups that had been preparing to protest the saw their plans become viral following the violence in Charlottesville. The event drew a largely peaceful crowd of 40,000 counter-protestors. In , stated that the 33 people arrested for violent incidents were "mostly egged on by the minority of 'Antifa' agitators in the crowd". President Trump described the protestors outside his August 2017 rally in as "antifa".

During a , 2017, an estimated one hundred antifa protesters joined a crowd of 2,000–4,000 counter-protesters to confront alt-right demonstrators and Trump supporters who showed up for a "Say No to Marxism" rally that had been cancelled by organizers due to security concerns. Protestors threatened to smash the cameras of anyone who filmed them. , the mayor of Berkeley, suggested classifying the city's antifa as a gang. The far-right group Patriot Prayer cancelled an event in San Francisco the same day following counter protests. Joey Gibson, the founder of Patriot Prayer, blamed antifa, along with (BAMN), for breaking up the event.

In November 2018, police investigated the antifa group Smash Racism D.C. following a protest outside the home of founder . Activists of the group said through a bullhorn that Carlson was promoting hate and chanted, "We will fight, we know where you sleep at night!" and defaced the driveway of Carlsons' property by spray-painting an onto it. Twitter suspended the group's account for violation of Twitter rules by posting Carlson's home address. The group also posted addresses of Carlson's brother and a friend who co-founded The Daily Caller.

In February 2019, anti-fascist activists marched in celebration through as a white supremacist, rally planned to be held at the adjacent was cancelled due to infighting and fear of personal safety. White supremacist groups originally sought to attract attention by marching at the Stone Mountain, a Confederate landmark carving, during the weekend. The groups ignored the park's denial of permit due to "clear and present danger to the public health or safety", but was thwarted when Facebook and Twitter terminated their organizing accounts and pages, and by one group leader's retreat due to "fears of violence from counter-protesters". In their absence, more than 100 antifa activists marched peacefully through the adjacent village, burned a effigy and chanted slogans such as "Good night, alt-right" and "Death to the Klan", before joining another civil rights rally at held by the and the .

Response Antifa actions have been subject to criticism from Republicans, Democrats and political commentators in the U.S. media. condemned the violence of antifa activists in Berkeley on August 29, 2017. Conservative talk show host and contributor suggested labeling antifa as a terrorist organization. described them as "a major gift to the right". Other "anti-anti-fascists" on the left have argued that antifa attack a symptom of rather than combating itself, and in doing so distance themselves from . editor stated "Non-leftists often see the left as a disruptive, lawless force. Violence tends to confirm that view." The historian said in July 2019 that " is not equivalent to killing someone, but because the people in power are allied with the right, any provocation, any dissent against right-wing violence, backfires", with the effect that "[m]ilitancy on the left" can "become a justification for those in power and allies on the right to crack down" on the left.

On the other hand, historian and political organizer Mark Bray has said "Given the historical and current threat that white supremacist and fascist groups pose, it's clear to me that organized, collective self-defense is not only a legitimate response, but lamentably an all-too-necessary response to this threat on too many occasions." Alexander Reid Ross, a lecturer in geography and an author on the contemporary right, has said that antifa groups represented "one of the best models for channeling the popular reflexes and spontaneous movements towards confronting fascism in organized and focused ways." Eleanor Penny, an author on fascism and the far-right, argues against Chomsky that "physical resistance has time and again protected local populations from racist violence, and prevented a gathering caucus of fascists from making further inroads into mainstream politics." , who attended a counter-protest to the , said in an interview, "we would have been crushed like cockroaches if it were not for the anarchists and the anti-fascists," describing a situation where a group of 20 counter-protesters were surrounded by marchers whom he described as "neofascists."

The stated that "All forms of antifa violence are problematic. Images of these 'free speech' protesters being beaten by black-clad and bandana-masked antifa provide right wing extremists with a powerful propaganda tool" but goes on to state "that said, it is important to reject attempts to claim equivalence between the antifa and the white supremacist groups they oppose." They also mention that "most established civil rights organizations criticize antifa tactics as dangerous and counterproductive."

In July 2019, Republican senators and introduced a that would designate antifa as a domestic terrorist organization for attacking Americans "who don't agree with them".

On May 30, 2020, blamed "anarchic and far left extremist groups using Antifa-like tactics" for nationwide over the killing of an African-American man by a Minneapolis policeman during an arrest five days earlier. "The voices of peaceful protest are being hijacked by violent radical elements," Barr said. Also on May 30, President Donald Trump tweeted: "It's ANTIFA and the Radical Left. Don't lay the blame on others!"

Hoaxes There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them attacks originating from members of the and posing as members of antifa groups on . Some of these hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.

These include an August 2017 "#PunchWhiteWomen" photo hoax campaign spread by fake antifa Twitter accounts. In one such instance, researcher discovered an image of British actress portraying a battered woman in a 2007 anti-domestic violence campaign that had been re-purposed using fake antifa Twitter accounts organized by way of . The image is captioned "53% of white women voted for Trump, 53% of white women should look like this" and includes an antifa flag. Another image featuring an injured woman is captioned "She chose to be a Nazi. Choices have consequences" and includes the hashtag #PunchANazi. Higgins remarked to the BBC that "[t]his was a transparent and quite pathetic attempt, but I wouldn't be surprised if white nationalist groups try to mount more sophisticated attacks in the future". A similar fake image circulated on social media after the ; the doctored image, actually from a 2009 riot in , was altered to make it look like someone wearing an antifa symbol attacking a member of the police with a flag. After the , similar hoaxes falsely claimed that the shooter was an antifa "member"; another such hoax involved a fake antifa Twitter account praising the shooting. Another high-profile fake antifa account was banned from Twitter after it posted with a geotag originating in Russia. Such fake antifa accounts have been repeatedly reported on as real by right-leaning media outlets.

Some of the opposition to antifa activism has also been artificial in nature; Nafeesa Syeed of Bloomberg reported that "[t]he most-tweeted link in the Russian-linked network followed by the researchers was a petition to declare Antifa a terrorist group".

See also References Wikimedia Commons has media related to .Bibliography Further reading Wikiquote has quotations related to: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1]Retrieved from "": Hidden categories: Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise - BBC News [https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=article::unknown&x1=[urn:bbc:isite2:2822f0ac-bb49-44d1-8bab-3528a8ae121c]&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[article-show-related]&x8=[reverb-1.4.0-nojs]&x11=[programmes_ps]&x12=[SOUNDS]]

BBC Radio 4 More Main content Online battles between far right groups and anti-fascists – or "Antifa" – are now regularly spilling out onto the streets of America. But who are Antifa and what do they represent? Anisa Subedar and Mike Wendling went to the West coast of America to find out for . Here are seven facts you need to know.

1. How long have Antifa been around? Some Antifa groups date the origins of their movement to fights against European fascists in the 1920s and 1930s. Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, says the modern American Antifa movement began in the 1980s with a group called Anti-Racist Action. Its members confronted neo-Nazi skinheads at punk gigs in the American Midwest and elsewhere. By the early 2000s the Antifa movement was mostly dormant - until the rise of Donald Trump and the alt-right.

2. How do you pronounce Antifa? According to Bray, there are multiple different pronunciations. In the United States most people say an-tee-fa. In Europe it’s sometimes referred to as anti-far, which Bray believes has been influenced by the Italian word antifascismo. He says an-tee-fa but doesn’t correct people who pronounce it differently.

3. What are they opposed to? Neo-Nazis, Neo-fascism, white supremacists and racism, and these days the movement that encapsulates some of those ideas: the alt-right.

We spoke to secret Antifa groups in Oregon. They said they come from a variety of political backgrounds but they were united in their opposition to fascism, and they have an anti-government streak. They said they see creeping authoritarianism in the current American administration that they are looking to build "a movement that really insulates us from the policies of Donald Trump".

"It's not just resisting the federal administration but also resisting moves that can lead to fascism," one member told us, "and those happen locally whether from local officials or from local alt-right movements."

4 Why do they all dress in black? Like other protest movements dating back to Cold War era West German anarchists, Antifa supporters will often dress all in black, sometimes covering their faces with masks or helmets so they can’t be identified by opposing groups or the police. It's an intimidating tactic – known as a "black bloc" – which also allows them to move together as one anonymous group. There are also offshoots - one Antifa group in Oregon said they also have a "snack bloc" of people who provide food and water for their allies during protests.

5. What tactics do they use? Antifa look to disrupt alt-right events and far-right speakers. They use a variety of tactics to do this – including shouting and chanting and forming human chains to block off right-wing demonstrators. Some are unapologetic about their online tactics, which include monitoring the far right on social media. They also release personal information about their opponents online, commonly known as "doxxing" – they’ve gotten some alt-right supporters fired from their jobs after identifying them online.

Antifa groups also use more traditional forms of community organising like rallies and protest marches. The most extreme factions will carry weapons like pepper spray, knives, bricks and chains – and they don’t rule out violence.

6: How violent are they? Their willingness to use violence marks out Antifa from many other left-wing activists, although the Antifa members we spoke to said they denounce the use of weapons and violent direct action. They said if violence does occur, it’s as a form of self-defence. They also make historical arguments to justify their position. For instance, they ask, what if opponents of the German Nazi Party had been more forceful in their opposition in the 1930s, could World War Two and the Holocaust have been averted?

Antifa have been directly and sometimes physically confronting the far right on the streets and, in some cases, they have been successful in postponing, cutting short or cancelling rallies and speeches up and down America.

7. Do women join Antifa groups? Traditionally direct street action has been a mostly male domain, but significant numbers of women are members of Antifa groups and have been arrested at counter-demonstrations against the alt-right in California and elsewhere. Female members of Antifa groups told us they view the current administration as being anti-women. They point to White House policies on immigration, affordable health care, abortion rights and voting rights and say they disproportionately affect women and minorities. We spoke with Sunsara Taylor from the Antifa group Refuse Fascism who told us women are motivated to respond to "what hits them".

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Antifa: Definition and History:

The anti-fascist protest movement known as antifa gained new prominence in the United States after the white supremacist Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, VA, in August 2017. In Charlottesville and at many subsequent events held by white supremacists or right-wing extremists, antifa activists have aggressively confronted what they believe to be authoritarian movements and groups. While most counter-protestors tend to be peaceful, there have been several instances where encounters between antifa and the far-right have turned violent.

These violent counter-protesters are often part of “antifa” (short for “antifascist”), a loose collection of groups, networks and individuals who believe in active, aggressive opposition to far right-wing movements. Their ideology is rooted in the assumption that the Nazi party would never have been able to come to power in Germany if people had more aggressively fought them in the streets in the 1920s and 30s. Most antifa come from the anarchist movement or from the far left, though since the 2016 presidential election, some people with more mainstream political backgrounds have also joined their ranks.

These antifa sometimes use a logo with a double flag, usually in black and red. The antifa movement began in the 1960s in Europe, and had reached the US by the end of the 1970s. Most people who show up to counter or oppose white supremacist public events are peaceful demonstrators, but when antifa show up, as they frequently do, they can increase the chances that an event may turn violent.

Today, antifa activists focus on harassing right wing extremists both online and in real life. Antifa is not a unified group; it is loose collection of local/regional groups and individuals. Their presence at a protest is intended to intimidate and dissuade racists, but the use of violent measures by some antifa against their adversaries can create a vicious, self-defeating cycle of attacks, counter-attacks and blame. This is why most established civil rights organizations criticize antifa tactics as dangerous and counterproductive.

The current political climate increases the chances of violent confrontations at protests and rallies. Antifa have expanded their definition of fascist/fascism to include not just white supremacists and other extremists, but also many conservatives and supporters of President Trump. In Berkeley, for example, some antifa were captured on video harassing Trump supporters with no known extremist connections. Antifa have also falsely characterized some recent right wing rallies as “Nazi” events, even though they were not actually white supremacist in nature.

Another concern is the misapplication of the label “antifa” to include all counter-protesters, rather than limiting it to those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries. It is critical to understand how antifa fit within the larger counter-protest efforts. Doing so allows law enforcement to focus their resources on the minority who engage in violence without curtailing the civil rights of the majority of peaceful individuals who just want their voices to be heard.

All forms of antifa violence are problematic. Additionally, violence plays into the “victimhood” narrative of white supremacists and other right-wing extremists and can even be used for recruiting purposes. Images of these “free speech” protesters being beaten by black-clad and bandana-masked antifa provide right wing extremists with a powerful propaganda tool.

That said, it is important to reject attempts to claim equivalence between the antifa and the white supremacist groups they oppose. Antifa reject racism but use unacceptable tactics. White supremacists use even more extreme violence to spread their ideologies of hate, to intimidate ethnic minorities, and undermine democratic norms. Right-wing extremists have been one of the largest and most consistent sources of domestic terror incidents in the United States for many years; they have murdered hundreds of people in this country over the last ten years alone. To date, there have not been any known antifa-related murders.

Antifa: Scope and Tactics:

Today's antifa argue they are the on-the-ground defense against individuals they believe are promoting fascism in the United States. However, antifa, who have many anti-police anarchists in their ranks, can also target law enforcement with both verbal and physical assaults because they believe the police are providing cover for white supremacists. They will sometimes chant against fascism and against law enforcement in the same breath.

While some antifa use their fists, other violent tactics include throwing projectiles, including bricks, crowbars, homemade slingshots, metal chains, water bottles, and balloons filled with urine and feces. They have deployed noxious gases, pushed through police barricades, and attempted to exploit any perceived weakness in law enforcement presence.

Away from rallies, they also engage in “doxxing,” exposing their adversaries’ identities, addresses, jobs and other private information. This can lead to their opponents being harassed or losing their jobs, among other consequences. Members of the alt right and other right wing extremists have responded with their own doxxing campaigns, and by perpetuating hateful and violent narratives using fake “antifa” social media accounts.

Because there is no unifying body for antifa, it is impossible to know how many “members” are currently active. Different localities have antifa populations of different strengths, but antifa are also sometimes willing to travel hundreds of miles to oppose a white supremacist event.

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