Hong Kong

Table of ContentsExpand Hong Kong vs. China: An Overview "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China." – Article 1, Basic Law

"The National People's Congress authorizes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication, in accordance with the provisions of this Law." – Article 2, Basic Law

Most people know Hong Kong as an , business center, shopping paradise, and tourist destination. However, the region's identity crisis and resistance to Beijing's interference are at the heart of the civil unrest in the former British colony. Pro-democracy activists in Hong Kong would like the region to remain different from other Chinese cities. So is Hong Kong a de facto country or is it truly a part of China? As with many things in Hong Kong, the answer is not clear cut.

The relationship between Hong Kong and China is far more complex than most people realize. It involves politics, , trade, laws, and, above all, the people. "Hongkongers," as they're known, who lived for years under the influence and ways of former ruler Great Britain are wary about China’s intentions and indignant about the mainland’s meddling in its political affairs.

Mainland China and Hong Kong complement each other economically. However, their political differences remain entrenched. The century-long separation between the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong created gaps that cannot be easily bridged even if the two are officially one country. Before Hong Kong and mainland China can truly unify, they must overcome significant differences.

Key Takeaways Hong Kong To understand the root of Hong Kong's separation from the mainland, one must go back to the Opium Wars between Great Britain and China (1839–1860). During these military and trade clashes, China was forced to cede Hong Kong Island and a part of Kowloon to Great Britain in perpetuity. In 1898, Britain negotiated a major land expansion of the Hong Kong colony and signed a 99-year lease with China. The lease ended in 1997, at which time Britain returned Hong Kong to China as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) called the of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR).

Under the doctrine of "one country, two systems," China allowed the former colony to continue to govern itself and maintain many independent systems for a period of 50 years. The defines the limited autonomy of Hong Kong. Owing to its colonial history, English is one of Hong Kong's official languages.

China Officially known as the People's Republic of China, this East Asian country is the world's most , with a population of more than 1.4 billion people. China is governed by the Communist Party of China, which has jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and the SARs of both Hong Kong and Macau.

China has the , at $13.6 trillion, after the United States, at $20.4 trillion.China on heavy industry development, ramping up the country's industrial and service output over the years. Of late, consumer demand has driven growth. However, after a tougher 2018, in which the nation was embroiled in a trade war with the United States, the Chinese economy grew at its slowest pace in 28 years.

Chinese GDP in 2018 grew at a 6.6% pace.China is forecasting 2019 GDP growth of between 6% and 6.5%. Its economy grew 6.3% in the first half of 2019.Many economists have stated that they are wary of the accuracy of China's economic growth self-reporting over the years, however.

Differences in Government Perhaps the most significant difference between mainland China and Hong Kong is that the mainland is communist and controlled by a single party while Hong Kong has a limited democracy. Both share the President of China as their chief of state. However, each has its own head of government: The premier is the head of mainland China, while the chief executive is the head of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

The chief executive is accountable to the Central People's Government. The term of the chief executive is for five years, and any person can serve for a maximum of two consecutive terms.

Despite the separation in systems and rights guaranteed by the Basic Law, the mainland Chinese government does assert itself in local Hong Kong politics. In 2014, the region witnessed mass-scale protests and demonstrations against China’s proposed reforms for electing the Chief Executive. Protesters complained that only those candidates who aligned their interests with China would be allowed to run. The "Umbrella Protests," as they were known, failed to achieve any concessions from Beijing.

Hong Kong also has its own legal and judicial systems (including a proprietary police force), district organizations (with no political power), and public servants, broadly based on the British common law model. However, for land tenure and family matters, Hong Kong reverts to the Chinese customary law model.

In 2019, Hong Kongers protested against an extradition bill that would have allowed residents to be sent to China. It was eventually suspended and withdrawn by the chief executive. Critics feared the bill would undermine the region's judicial system. Amnesty International said the bill—if passed—would have extended the power of the mainland authorities to target critics, human rights defenders, journalists, NGO workers, and anyone else in Hong Kong.

Military and Diplomacy Hong Kong defers to mainland China in two primary areas: military defense and international relations. Hong Kong may not maintain its own military; the mainland manages the military defense of Hong Kong.

In international diplomacy, Hong Kong has no separate identity from mainland China. For example, Hong Kong has no independent representation in the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the at the United Nations, or the . However, Hong Kong may attend events of select international organizations like the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations World Tourism Organization, though as an associate member and not a member state. It can also participate in trade-related events and agreements under the name "Hong Kong, China."

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may not maintain any separate diplomatic ties with foreign countries. The Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conducts all foreign affairs. Foreign countries may have consulate offices in Hong Kong, but locate their main Chinese embassies on the mainland. The citizens of Hong Kong carry a different passport from the citizens of mainland China. Both must obtain permission before visiting the other region. Even foreign tourists who visit Hong Kong must obtain a separate visa before entering China.

Differences in Taxes and Money The principle of "one country, two systems" allows for the coexistence of socialism and capitalism under "one country," which is mainland China. This principle has given Hong Kong the freedom to continue with its free-enterprise system, rather than merging into the communistic structure in China. Hong Kong has independent finances and the People's Republic of China (PRC) does not interfere in its tax laws or levy any taxes on Hong Kong.

The region has its own policies related to money, finance, trade, customs, and foreign exchange. Hong Kong and mainland China even use different currencies. Hong Kong continues to use the , which is pegged under the Linked Exchange Rate System to the U.S. dollar. The mainland uses the Chinese yuan as legal tender. Merchants in Hong Kong do not freely accept the yuan.

Differences in Economics Hong Kong has the and 35th largest economy in the world with a GDP of $362.9 billion in 2018.The economy of Hong Kong has witnessed a tremendous transition in the past decade as services took a lead in the region with manufacturing shifting base to the mainland. The contribution of manufacturing in the GDP has shrunk over the years (1.1%), while agriculture barely contributes to the GDP (0.1%), as Hong Kong is not rich in natural resources and depends on imports for food and raw materials. Construction contributes around 5%.The service sector includes services related to travel, trade, financial, and transportation. Overall, the Hong Kong economy is characterized by low tax rates, free trade, and less government interference.

Hong Kong, which is regarded as the world's "freest economy," can also be tagged as a "service economy," as over 90% of the gross domestic product (GDP) is constituted by this sector.

The economy of mainland China is more dependent on manufacturing, although, in recent years, the service sector has started to . However, the share of services in the GDP is much less than that of developed countries like the United States and Japan and also less than that of developing countries like Brazil and India. Agriculture constitutes around 10% of China's GDP, while it is negligible in Hong Kong's.

Hong Kong's GDP per capita is vastly higher than that of China's, although the latter is rapidly climbing. China's GDP growth rate is over 6%, while Hong Kong's was 3% in 2017.

Differences in Stock Markets The has been the preferred destination choice for most Chinese companies looking to raise capital, as the mainland Chinese stock markets are more restrictive and have higher financial requirements. Hong Kong's stock market also attracts more overseas investors.

"Hong Kong has multiple advantages that are missing in China. First, a registration-based IPO system, which enables listing to be relatively faster and easier than in the mainland. Second, the absence of capital controls and greater international exposure, which allows Hong Kong to serve as an anchor point for global expansion. Third, a sound financial infrastructure, which mitigates operational costs. Fourth, an effective regulatory framework, which focuses on transparency and prudent minimum standards," wrote Tianlei Huang research analyst at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. "Neither Shanghai nor Shenzhen is likely to win this competition with Hong Kong, at least over the short term."

As of the end of 2018, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange listed 1,146 mainland Chinese companies, nearly 50% of the total number on the exchange. In terms of market capitalization, these companies accounted for almost 68% of the stock market in Hong Kong.Mainland companies have raised over $800 billion via stock offerings in Hong Kong since 1993.

In mid-Nov. 2014, a program titled "Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect" was launched, which established a cross-border channel for access to stock markets and investment. This arrangement allows investors in these regions to trade specified companies listed on each other’s stock exchange through their local securities firm. There was no direct access for individual investors in Hong Kong (or overseas) to Chinese stocks before this. In Dec. 2016, the similar "Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect" was launched.

Economic Interdependence Even in times of twisted diplomatic relations, the economic ties have remained strong between the mainland and its SAR. Hong Kong and mainland China boost each other's , and the two have good economic relations with annual bilateral trade valued at over $500 billion.

Hong Kong in many respects is seen as a gateway to China for those who are interested in doing business on the mainland or accessing Chinese stocks or investments. As of Dec. 2018, 22 of the 152 licensed banks in Hong Kong were of Mainland interests.

Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest trading partner and its second-largest source of . The mainland's non-financial direct investment in Hong Kong was $70.05 billion in 2018, accounting for 58.1% of the total investment of $120.5 billion, according to the Ministry of Commerce of China.According to Hong Kong's Trade and Industry Department, mainland China is Hong Kong’s main destination for domestic exports (44.2%). It is also the biggest supplier of imports for Hong Kong (46.3%).

Hong Kong is a major supplier of services to China. In 2018, the value of goods re-exported through Hong Kong from and to the Mainland was $467.6 billion and accounted for 89.1% of Hong Kong's total re-export trade value.

However, some argue Hong Kong's economic importance and relevance to China's growth story is rapidly falling.

Article Sources Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in ourCompare Accounts Advertiser Disclosure×The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. ProviderNameDescriptionRelated Articles Partner LinksRelated Terms A Special Administrative Region (SAR) is a relatively autonomous region within the People's Republic of China that maintains separate legal, administrative and judicial systems from the rest of the country.Macau SAR, China is a special administrative region of China that has limited autonomy in its government and economic activities. Hong Kong is a financial and business center in China, known as a special administrative region (SAR). The Hong Kong Monetary Authority acts as the central bank of Hong Kong to control inflation and maintain currency stability. Limited government is a political system in which legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers, such as The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.A tiger economy is a nickname given to several booming economies in Southeast Asia.Investopedia is part of the publishing family. The Infinite Heartbreak of Loving Hong Kong | The Nation

The Infinite Heartbreak of Loving Hong Kong | The Nation

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You dismissed this ad.The feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future.44 Answers , lived & worked in HK · Author has 4.1k answers and 22.4m answer viewsNeither.

Hong Kong is highly autonomous as one of two Special Admin Regions but its sovereignty is derived from PR China. It maintains all affairs like a country except for the two that matter most: defence and foreign affairs.

Hong Kong is also not a city. When most think of Hong Kong, they think this:

But that is only 26% of what the territory of Hong Kong looks like. Most of Hong Kong is not a city but rather mountains and forest. HK would be more accurately be described as a collection of cities or towns: [northern Hong Kong] Island, South [HK] Island, Kowloon metropolis, Shatin, Tai Po, Y...

Loading…Related Questions , Presenter at HKSTV · Author has 194 answers and 165.4k answer viewsOriginally Answered: Hong Kong is the name of a city in China. It's also the name of the colony that the British Empire maintained for around 150 years, developing the colonial townships of Victoria and Kowloon into a thriving treaty port and business mecca before finally handing it back to China 20 years ago as part of decolonisation. Today, that parcel of land is classified as a Special Administrative Region, under Chinese sovereignty but with its own currency, political system and laws, and managing its own customs and border control. This situation will persist for a further thirty years or perhaps more, as...

Loading…You dismissed this ad.The feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future. , lives in Rome, Italy · Author has 411 answers and 322.6k answer viewsOriginally Answered: City state before 1997 as a part of the UK. Now it's presently a city state under China autonomously controlled. There is one more autonomously controlled city in China which is Macao.

8k views · , lives in Hong Kong · Author has 190 answers and 218.3k answer viewsThe Basic Law dictates that Hong Kong is a part of China, right at the very top. That rules out the possibility of it being an independent country.

Hong Kong has quite a fancy name for it: Special Administrative Region. (That’s why the full acronym for Hong Kong is HKSAR.)

It has the privileges of not being completely reliant on the Chinese government, and instead having it’s own small government (imagine slightly higher than state level, and having a few differences from Chinese province-level governments).

As such, it would be considered a city because of its relatively small size and les...

Loading…Related Questions , Japanese Teacher (2018-present)Considering the actual size and political states of HK, it acts more like a province, instead of a city or a country.

Fist of all, Hong Kong belongs to China at the very beginning. This should be agreed by everyone.

Second, it was took from us by UK because of the war you’ve already know. So the HK citizens are not the UK’s child. Massive UK people living in there doesn’t mean it’s a UK’s city. They’re using Traditional Chinese, which originally came from the old China. Also there’re so many historical materials can prove that Hong Kong belongs to China, I really don’t know why people can dou...

Loading…You dismissed this ad.The feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future. , lives in Hong KongOriginally Answered: First, some basic facts: Hong Kong is a unique political entity in many aspects. It’s a full member of WTO, a member of the International Olympics Committee (IOC), APEC etc. It has its own system of government and is a separate jurisdiction.

However, it is, de jure and de facto, not a fully sovereign entity. It is a so-called “Special Administrative Region” of the People’s Republic of China. It does not have its own head of state, and its high degree of autonomy is granted by the Chinese government via the Basic Law.

Given the above, you could say Hong Kong is not a “city-state”, in the sense...

Loading… , lived in Hong Kong · Author has 162 answers and 89.8k answer viewsHong Kong is a city, and also a region (Special Administrative Region) which allows limited autonomy to Hong Kong’s city government, they enjoys numbers of traits of what a country would have, they elect their own senators of each districts who make their own laws, they have borders between them and Chinese Mainland, which are quite heavily guarded and requires IDs and visas to cross. They have heir own passports and citizenships. Although they are not allowed to have their own military nor can they are allowed to handle foreign relations.

2.7k views · View more Related Questions Related Questions · · · · In Pictures: Thousands protest in Hong Kong against new law | Hong ...

In Pictures: Thousands protest in Hong Kong against new law | Hong ...

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Part of the 2019 2020 IncidentsDeaths and serious injuriesSee alsoThe founding cause of the was the proposed legislation of the . However, other causes have been pointed out, such as demands for democratic reform, the , or the fear of losing a "high degree of autonomy" in general. The Hong Kong protests are unique in this respect from democracy protests in general, which are often provoked by economic grievances. Subsequent actions by the police, such as mass arrests and police violence, as well as what was perceived to be an illegitimate legislative process of the bill, sparked additional protests throughout the city.

Contents Causes[] Democratic reform[] Further information: , , , and One underlying cause of the protests could be what people consider to be slow pace of democratic reforms.

At the time of the protests, half of the lawmakers of the (LegCo) were directly elected as geographical constituencies, while the rest were returned by functional constituencies, where only selected parts of the electorate had a vote. This ran counter to a section of the Hong Kong population's ongoing demand for since the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. Indeed, the ultimate aim of achieving universal suffrage is stated in the Article 45 of the , Hong Kong's de facto constitution:

> …The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures.

That said, the was voted down. That froze the number of members of the , the organ that selects the Chief Executive, or the leader of the city, to 1,200, out of a population of over 7.5 million. Nevertheless the proposed reform only turned the aforementioned Election Committee to a nominating committee for the "universal suffrage" election of the Chief Executive.

In the , a few opposition lawmakers were disqualified after they were elected, namely , , , , and . These figures did not include a people who were disqualified to be a candidate, such as and . They were seen as ineligible to stand for the by-election for the vacant seats due to the aforementioned disqualification. The court later overturned the disqualification of Agnes Chow and Ventus Lau, years after the by-elections.

stated Hong Kong people are disillusioned with the promise that "the [Chinese Communist Party] eventually fulfil [] its pledge to give them more democracy", as after the 2014 and the 2014–2015 electoral reform, "[the] promise would only mean only the chance to vote for someone the party considered royal". While the , on 12 June 2019 (date of an anti-bill protest), stated, "Most people in Hong Kong, however, find it hard to believe that Ms. Lam brought this crisis [editor note: extradition bill] upon herself with no help whatsoever from Beijing".

Fear of losing rights and freedoms[] An example of Hong Kong losing its freedoms is its steady fall on the . Despite being part of Hong Kong's in the 2019 report Hong Kong scored 6.02/10 classing it as a , being only 0.02 points of a . Hong Kong also only scored 3.59/10 for Electoral process and pluralism, this was the lowest score in the category for a flawed democracy and scoring lower than some countries. Hong Kong came 75 out of 167 and China 153 out of 167.

Causeway Bay Books and Xiao Jianhua disappearances[] Main articles: and Even before the proposed , Hong Kong citizens suspected that mainland Chinese personnel engaged in extra-judicial renditions in the (SAR), despite such actions being a breach of Basic Law.

In late 2015, Chinese government agents kidnapped the owner and several staff members of Hong Kong-based , a bookstore that sold politically sensitive publications, to the Mainland as suspects in breaking Mainland law. , who was held in solitary confinement for five months and unable to make any phone calls, claims that he had no choice but to co-operate in reading a scripted forced confession of guilt. He was denied legal representation, forced to implicate others in bookselling crimes, and requested to turn over information about anonymous authors and customers. "They wanted to lock you up until you go mad," he said. Upon his release to Hong Kong he went public with the media to tell his story. Because he had no family in mainland China who could be punished, Lam said that it was easier for him to come forward. He said that he had to be courageous: "I thought about it for two nights before I decided [to] tell you all what happened, as originally and completely as I could ... I also want to tell the whole world. This isn't about me, this isn't about a bookstore, this is about everyone."

In 2017, , a billionaire from Mainland China who had resided in Hong Kong, had also been abducted and disappeared.

These incidents are considered as one of the contributing causes of the protests. Critics have stated that the Central Government is "chipping away the independence of [Hong Kong]'s courts and news media." There is also fear that "the authorities will use [the bill] to send dissidents, activists and others in Hong Kong, including foreign visitors, to face trial in mainland courts, which are controlled by the party."

Anti-Mainland sentiment[] Further information: Further information: Since the in 1997, there has been greater tension and more conflicts have risen between residents of the PRC and Hong Kong over a variety of political and socio-economical issues concerning the governance and constitutional autonomy of the territory. The issues partly involve the intrusive policies of the central government and also partly the supposed behaviors of Mainland residents when they travel to Hong Kong. Mainland residents suffered considerable set-backs in the 1960s and 1970s due to catastrophes such as the that resulted from the poor governance of the PRC. However, since the 1990s, the Mainland has had considerable economic growth, and a large number of mainland tourists have visited Hong Kong in recent years. Hong Kong is also a multi-ethnic society with different cultural values in relation to race, languages and cultures to those held by the Chinese government and many mainland residents. As a highly developed economy with a high standard of living, Hong Kong culture has different values in relation to hygiene and social propriety compared to mainland China. The cultural and economic differences are widely considered as a primary cause of the conflict between Hong Kong and mainland China. The differences between Hong Kong people and mainlanders, such as language, as well as the significant growth in number of mainland visitors, have caused tension.

The protests are seen as the results of long held social anxieties in Hong Kong in regards to mainland Chinese immigrants. Many Hongkongers felt that mainland arrivals are responsible for driving up housing prices and stealing jobs and other opportunities, attributing to a growing sentiment viewing mainlander Chinese as "impoverished, isolated and ill-informed", and academic Brian Fong used the term "one country, two nationalisms" to described the rising nationalist sentiments of Hong Kong youths. This has been attributed by some as caused by a lack of a central Chinese identity in Hong Kong. Geng Chunya, president of the Hong Kong Association of Mainland Graduates, noted that during , following British social customs earned Hongkongers more respect, and such mentality became so ingrained that many began to question their Chinese identity. A survey by the Chinese University of Hong Kong, published in 2019, noted that more than 40 percent of Hongkongers have low senses of belonging to China, and have little desire to visit their ancestral villages in mainland China. The researcher, Victor Zheng Wan-tai, argued that such figures are a cause for alarm, and can be potentially alleviated by promoting greater interaction and exchange tours between mainland Chinese and Hong Kong residents.

Legislative process of 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill[] Main article: The Government attitude on legislating the Hong Kong extradition bill was directly attributed to the spark of the protests. The Government was seen as unwilling to budge, despite opposition from various sectors of the community.

For instance, businessmen usually in support of the local government opposed the bill. One example was , a Legislative Councillor. He openly urged to withdraw the bill in May 2019. He also proposed an alternative to handle the ,. He claimed that his proposal received support from the business sector. However, the government proceeded to move the bill forward.

Other sectors reacted, as well. A record breaking number of lawyers participated in a silent march to protest against the bill on 6 June.

On 9 June, reportedly over a million of citizens demonstrated, when the Legislative Council was about to resume the process of the second . The demonstration took place since pro-government (and ) lawmakers held a majority in the Legislative Council and would mean the ultimate passage of the bill. The proposed resumption of the second reading sparked the 12 June protest that became a civil conflict. On 15 June, Carrie Lam declared the indefinite suspension of the legislative process. However, from 15 June until 4 September, Lam refused to withdraw the bill. Her reluctance stood against the protesters' demands.

On 23 October the bill was withdrawn but the protests have widened for universal suffrage for and election and the resignation of .

Accusation of police violence on 12 June protest and subsequent events that related to the police[] Further information: and A range of sectors find the police response to protests to have sustained the movements. These include participants of subsequent protests (those after 9 June), as well as many pan-democrats lawmakers, academicians and critics,, although they differ in attributing the size of the responsibility to the force.

Moreover, even , a legislator that declared his neutrality between the police and protesters in July, participated in an assembly of physicians and nurses that condemned excessive use of police force in August 2019.

Protesters and others highlighted instances where the use of police force was considered excessive.

For example, on 12 June, even though protesters gathered around , an area where protests were theoretically legal with the issuance from the police of a permit that known officially as the Letter of No Objection, the police still used pellets. Councillors of the later stated that if the use of tear gas was indeed proved, it was unsatisfactory (: 不理想). The actions of the police, at least in part, contributed to the large turnout of the subsequent protest. The organiser claimed that 2 million citizens participated in the march on 16 June, although other sources estimated smaller turnouts. Nevertheless, most sources concluded that it was an all-time high record.

Meanwhile, the negligence of the police and the accused collusion with the criminals during on 21 July, had spread the protest into , a satellite town in the . Under , protests are required to obtain the Letter of No Objection to stage a rally or protest. However, the police instead issued a Letter of Objection days before, declaring any such protests illegal . Nevertheless, many citizens still gathered there. They expressed their criticisms of the police by visiting Yuen Long with excuses such as shopping. Some of the protesters engaged in violent actions during 27 July protest. However, when the protesters were leaving and retreating upon police request, the police also used force to try to arrest protesters. Once again, pan-democrats lawmakers had signed a petition to condemn the violence of the police and accuse the force used by the police during the clearance of the location of nearly engaging in a revenge (: 近乎報復). They also stated that issuing Letters of Objection would create a vicious circle that only would instigate more citizens to protest.

Indeed, protests did not cease. More and more tear gas were used by the police, as well as the use of and . Not only on the Hong Kong Island, the use of force by the police had spread along with the protests, which police had used tear gas in most of the satellite towns of the city. On 5 August protest along, the police had used around 800 rounds of tear gas. Many organisations have criticised the actions of the police from that single day.

The Hong Kong branch of condemned the police behaviour during the events. For example, on 12 August, after more than 2 months of the protests (since 9 June, or more than 2 months if counting April protests) and right after the 11 August protests, the branch had declared "Hong Kong police have once again used tear gas and rubber bullets in a way that have fallen [] short of international standards. Firing at retreating protesters in confined areas where they had little time to leave goes against the purported objective of dispersing a crowd".

Arrested protesters have alleged sexual violence by police officers. Some assembly of the protests were dedicated to the theme of protesting police sexual violence.

Allegations of foreign influence[] Further information: The Chinese Central Government accused the protests of being affected by foreign influence. , a former lawmaker of the LegCo and a standing Executive Council member, also made a similar accusation. A senior officer from the told that "they have seen no evidence that foreign governments financed or inspired the protest movement." in August, during a background briefing to a group of journalists.

Impact[] Main article: After the June demonstrations, protesters had stated their 5 key demands. One version contained "Implementation of genuine universal suffrage", despite some reported version in June, substituted "universal suffrage" to " resign" or the reported version just had 4 key demands.

The other 4 key demands were "withdraw the extradition bill"; "officially retract characterisation of the protests as a riot"; "drop charges against protesters"; as well as "launch an independent commission of inquiry into matters relating to the anti-extradition bill protests".

Further readings[] Footnotes[] References[] Part of and the HistoryTimeline20192020IncidentsDeathsPolice misconductMusicSymbolsOthersRelated articles[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1] Retrieved from "": Hidden categories:

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