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World Health OrganizationAbbreviationWHOPronunciationFormation7 April 1948TypeLegal statusActiveHeadquarters, SwitzerlandHead (Director-General)

(deputy Director-General)

(deputy Director-General)Parent organizationWebsite The World Health Organization (WHO) is a responsible for international . The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." It is headquartered in , , with six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.

The WHO was established by constitution on 7 April 1948, which is commemorated as . The first meeting of the (WHA), the agency's governing body, took place on 24 July 1948. The WHO incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the ' Health Organisation and the , including the International Classification of Diseases. Its work began in earnest in 1951 following a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.

The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well being. It provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. Its flagship publication, the , provides expert assessments of global health topics and health statistics on all nations. The WHO also serves as a forum for summits and discussions on health issues.

The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the of , the near-, and the development of an . Its current priorities include , particularly , , and ; such as heart disease and cancer; , nutrition, and ; ; and .

The WHA, composed of representatives from all 194 member states, serves as the agency's supreme decision-making body. It also elects and advises an Executive Board made up of 34 health specialists. The WHA convenes annually and is responsible for selecting the Director-General, setting goals and priorities, and approving the WHO's budget and activities. The current Director-General is , former Health Minister and Foreign Minister of Ethiopia, who began his five-year term on 1 July 2017.

The WHO relies on assessed and voluntary contributions from member states and private donors for funding. As of 2018, it has a budget of over $4.2 billion, most of which comes from voluntary contributions from member states. The agency is part of the .

Contents History and development Origins The , originally held on 23 June 1851, were the first predecessors of the WHO. A series of 14 conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938, the International Sanitary Conferences worked to combat many diseases, chief among them , , and the . The conferences were largely ineffective until the seventh, in 1892; when an International Sanitary Convention that dealt with cholera was passed.

Five years later, a convention for the plague was signed. In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the (1902), and the (1907) were soon founded. When the was formed in 1920, they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations. After , the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO.

Establishment During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, , a delegate from the Republic of China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, , the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word "world", rather than "international", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.

The first meeting of the finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. was the Assembly's first president, and was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were to control the spread of , and , and to improve and , nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease. The logo of the World Health Organization features the as a symbol for healing.

Operational history of WHO Three former directors of the read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 19801947: The WHO established an information service via , and by 1950 a mass inoculation drive using the was under way.

1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1955 saw the first report on and the creation of the .

1958: , Deputy Minister of Health for the , called on the to undertake a global initiative to smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. At this point, 2 million people were dying from every year.

1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the to a newly constructed HQ elsewhere in Geneva.

1967: The WHO intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new method. The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in . After over two decades of fighting , the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.

1967: The WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in and the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care.

1974: The and the control programme of was started, an important partnership between the (FAO), the (UNDP), and the .

1977: The first list of was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of "" was declared.

1986: The WHO began its global programme on . Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 was formed.

1988: The was established.

1998: WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced , increased life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.

2000: The was created along with the UN's formulation of the .

2001: The initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.

2002: was drawn up to improve the resources available.

2006: The organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the .

Overall focus The WHO's Constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health".

The WHO fulfills this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution: (a) To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work; (b) To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate; (c) To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services; (d) To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments; (e) To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories; (f) To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene; (j) To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health; (k) To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform.

As of 2012, the WHO has defined its role in public health as follows:

Communicable diseases The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed. Two of those five areas related to : the first, to reduce the "health, social and economic burden" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat , and in particular.

As of 2015, the World Health Organization has worked within the network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of . In line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.

During the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control. WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. As of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether /AS01, were a viable . For the time being, -treated and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children.

Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from , and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis.

In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate . It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since which partnered WHO with , the (CDC), the (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. As of 2011, it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared "polio-free". In 2017, a study was conducted where why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology. Polio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive. the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease.

Non-communicable diseases Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of "disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic , , violence and , and ". The Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Life-course Sexual and Reproductive Health has published the magazine, Entre Nous, across Europe since 1983.

Environmental health The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths. Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. This can result in a number of .

Life course and life style WHO works to "reduce and and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the , and adolescence, and improve and and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals".

It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for "health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and ".

The WHO works to improve nutrition, and and to ensure this has a positive effect on and .

In April 2019, the WHO released new recommendations stating that children between the ages of two and five should spend no more than one hour per day engaging in sedentary behavior in front of a screen and that children under two should not be permitted any sedentary screen time.

Surgery and trauma care The World Health Organization promotes road safety as a means to reduce traffic-related injuries. It has also worked on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and essential surgical care, trauma care, and safe surgery. The is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety.

Emergency work The World Health Organization's primary objective in natural and man-made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to "reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability."

On 5 May 2014, WHO announced that the spread of was a world health emergency – outbreaks of the disease in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East were considered "extraordinary".

On 8 August 2014, WHO declared that the spread of was a public health emergency; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone. The situation in West Africa was considered very serious.

On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the was a (PHEIC).

Health policy WHO addresses government with two aims: firstly, "to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and human rights-based approaches" and secondly "to promote a healthier environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health".

The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform options. It oversees the implementation of the , and publishes a series of ; of these, three are over-reaching "reference classifications": the (ICD), the (ICF) and the (ICHI). Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the (adopted in 1981), (adopted in 2003) the (adopted in 2010) as well as the and its .

In terms of health services, WHO looks to improve "governance, financing, staffing and management" and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy. It also strives to "ensure improved access, quality and use of medical products and technologies". WHO – working with donor agencies and national governments – can improve their use of and their reporting about their use of research evidence.

Governance and support The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself:

Partnerships The WHO along with the constitute the core team responsible for administering the (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society, and others committed to improving the health of citizens in . Partners work together to put international principles for and development co-operation into practice in the health sector.

The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the , the , and the .

WHO runs the , targeted at improving and .

WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the network.

WHO collaborates with , UNITAID, and the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to spearhead and fund the development of HIV programs.

WHO created the Civil Society Reference Group on HIV, which brings together other networks that are involved in policy making and the dissemination of guidelines.

WHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas of the world.

WHO facilitates technical partnerships through the Technical Advisory Committee on HIV, which they created to develop WHO guidelines and policies.

In 2014, WHO released the Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life in a joint publication with the , an affiliated NGO working collaboratively with the WHO to promote in national and international .

Public health education and action Each year, the organization marks and other observances focusing on a specific topic. World Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and (2011).

The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are , , , , , , and .

As part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the . Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health.

Data handling and publications The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries. The Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries. The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it.

The WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national and . The Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe.

The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the , also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making. WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the (EVIPNet). The (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009.

On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as , went online. The database was launched on , and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions. The new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners. Users can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health.

The WHO regularly publishes a , its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific topic. Other publications of WHO include the , the (overseen by EMRO), the (published in collaboration with ), and the (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).

In 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV. In the draft, the World Health Organization outlines its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by the year 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020. To make achievements towards these targets, the draft lists actions that countries and the WHO can take, such as a commitment to universal health coverage, medical accessibility, prevention and eradication of disease, and efforts to educate the public. Some notable points made in the draft include addressing gender inequity where females are nearly twice as likely as men to get infected with HIV and tailoring resources to mobilized regions where the health system may be compromised due to natural disasters, etc. Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for resources, health education, and global efforts to end this epidemic.

Structure The World Health Organization is a member of the .

Membership Countries by World Health Organization membership statusAs of 2016, the WHO has 194 member states: all of the member states of the United Nations except for , plus the and . (A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of 2013, it also had two associate members, and . Several other countries have been granted . is an observer as a "national liberation movement" recognized by the under United Nations Resolution 3118. The also attends as an observer, as does the .

WHO member states appoint delegations to the , WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, "other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly". The World Health Assembly is attended by delegations from all member states, and determines the policies of the organization.

The executive board is composed of members technically qualified in health, and gives effect to the decisions and policies of the World Health Assembly. In addition, the UN observer organizations and have entered into "official relations" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the , they are seated alongside the other NGOs.

World Health Assembly and Executive Board WHO Headquarters in GenevaThe (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work. As of May 2020, the chairman of the executive board is Dr. .

Director-General Main article: The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the . The term lasts for 5 years, and Directors-General are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets. The current Director-General is Dr. Ghebreyesus, who was appointed on 1 July 2017.

Global institutions Apart from regional, country and liaison offices, the has also established other institutions for promoting and carrying on research.

Regional offices Map of the WHO's regional offices and their respective operating regions. Africa; HQ: , Republic of Congo Western Pacific; HQ: , Philippines Eastern ; HQ: , Egypt South East Asia; HQ: , Europe; HQ: , Denmark Americas; HQ: , USThe regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area". Many decisions are made at regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.

Each region has a regional committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not full members. For example, attends meetings of the . Each region also has a regional office. Each regional office is headed by a director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February.

Each regional committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the regional director, the regional committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the . The regional committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.

The regional director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority – concomitantly with the WHO Director-General – of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the region.

Regional offices of WHORegionHeadquartersNotesWebsiteAfrica, Republic of the CongoAFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO). The Regional Director is Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, a Botswanan national. (Tenure: – present).Europe, DenmarkEURO includes all of Europe (except Liechtenstein) Israel, and all of the former . The Regional Director is Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, a Hungarian national (Tenure: 2010 – present).South-East AsiaNew Delhi, India is served by SEARO. The Regional Director is Dr. Poonam Khetrapal Singh, an Indian national (Tenure: 2014 – present). Eastern Mediterranean, EgyptThe serves the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as all countries in the Middle East except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Ahmed Al-Mandhari, an Omani national (Tenure: 2018 – present).Western Pacific, the PhilippinesWPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Shin Young-soo, a South Korean national (Tenure: 2009 – present).The AmericasWashington, D.C., United StatesAlso known as the (PAHO), and covers the Americas. The WHO Regional Director is Dr. , a Dominican national (Tenure: 2013 – present).Employees The WHO employs 7,000 people in 149 countries and regions to carry out its principles. In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers. The organization has previously instigated the in 2003.

Goodwill Ambassadors The WHO operates ""; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors (, , , and the ) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ().

Country and liaison offices The World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions. It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the , United Nations and a single office covering the and . It also operates the in , France, and the in , Japan. Additional offices include those in ; the and ; the US-Mexico Border Field Office in ; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados; and the Northern Micronesia office. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.

The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). As of 2010, the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the ("Libya"); all other staff were international. WHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with the exception of Serbia; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. The WR is member of the country team which is coordinated by the UN System .

The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.

Financing and partnerships Present The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. As of 2020, the biggest contributor is the United States, which gives over $400 million annually. U.S. contributions to the WHO are funded through the account for Contributions to International Organizations (CIO). In 2018 the largest contributors ($150+ each) were the United States, , , and .

In April 2020, U.S. President , supported by a group of members of his party, announced that his administration would halt funding to the WHO. Funds previously earmarked for the WHO were to be held for 60–90 days pending an investigation into WHO's handling of the , particularly in respect to the organization's purported relationship with China. The announcement was immediately criticized by world leaders including , the secretary general of the United Nations; , the German foreign minister; and , African Union chairman.

On 16 May, U.S. President Donald Trump and his administration will agree to pay up to what China pays in Assessed contributions, which is less than about one-tenth of its previous funding. China paid Biennium 2018-2019, for Assessed contributions US$75,796K, Specified voluntary contributions US$10,184K, Total US$85,980K.

Top 10 contributors (Biennium 2018-2019 updated until Q4-2019) M$No.ContributorAssessed contributionsVoluntary contributions specifiedCore voluntary contributionsTotal (Biennium)ShareSource123765689315.9%25315319.4%343335574357.7%43713716.6%5612312925.2%6931222143.8%7 (UNOCHA)1921923.4%81431432.5% 91331332.4%101311312.3%Others5241,4841032,28940.7%Total9574,3281615,624100.0%Past At the beginning of the 21st century, the WHO's work involved increasing collaboration with external bodies. As of 2002, a total of 473 non-governmental organizations (NGO) had some form of partnership with WHO. There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal "official relations" – the rest being considered informal in character. Partners include the and the .

As of 2012, the largest annual assessed contributions from member states came from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million) and France ($31 million). The combined 2012–2013 budget proposed a total expenditure of $3,959 million, of which $944 million (24%) will come from assessed contributions. This represented a significant fall in outlay compared to the previous 2009–2010 budget, adjusting to take account of previous underspends. Assessed contributions were kept the same. Voluntary contributions will account for $3,015 million (76%), of which $800 million is regarded as highly or moderately flexible funding, with the remainder tied to particular programmes or objectives.

Controversies IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40 (left) and (farthest right) protesting in front of the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland in 2008. Demonstration on day near WHO in In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the (IAEA). Reading of this document (clause 3) can result in the understanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the WHO from conducting research or work on some areas. The agreement states that the WHO recognizes the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health. The following paragraph adds:

> whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement.

The nature of this statement has led some groups and activists including to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the caused by the use of and the continuing effects of in and . They believe WHO must regain what they see as independence.IndependentWHO held a weekly vigil from 2007–2017 in front of WHO headquarters.However, as pointed out by Foreman in clause 2 it states:

> 2. In particular, and in accordance with the Constitution of the World Health Organization and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and its agreement with the United Nations together with the exchange of letters related thereto, and taking into account the respective co-ordinating responsibilities of both organizations, it is recognized by the World Health Organization that the International Atomic Energy Agency has the primary responsibility for encouraging, assisting and co-ordinating research and development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world without prejudice to the right of the World Health Organization to concern itself with promoting, developing, assisting and co-ordinating international health work, including research, in all its aspects.

Roman Catholic Church and AIDS Main article: In 2003, the WHO denounced the 's health department's opposition to the use of , saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million." As of 2009, the remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana's Health Minister , has condemned opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to "create confusion" and "impede" proven strategies in the battle against the disease.

2009 swine flu pandemic Main article: In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic development through in collaboration with many experts and health officials. A pandemic involving the was declared by the then Director-General in April 2009. Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period.

By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information". Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to "unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade".

2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts Following the in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile.

An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of "core capacity" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system. At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement). WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016.

The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities. In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.

FCTC implementation database The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the few mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC. However, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built. As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report "As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (e.g., database indicated 'yes' when report indicated 'no'), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff".

IARC controversies Further information: The World Health Organization sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), has been criticized for the way it analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause cancer and for having a politically motivated bias when it selects studies for its analysis. Ed Yong, a British science journalist, has criticized the agency and its "confusing" category system for misleading the public. Marcel Kuntz, a French director of research at the , criticized the agency for its classification of potentially carcinogenic substances. He claimed that this classification did not take into account the extent of exposure: for example, red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified.

Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified many things as Class 2a (probable carcinogens) or 2b (possible carcinogen), including , , drinking hot beverages, and working as a barber.

Taiwanese membership and participation Between 2009 and 2016 Taiwan was allowed to attend WHO meetings and events as an observer but was forced to stop due to renewed pressure from China.

Political pressure from China has led to Taiwan being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in 2017 to 2020 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the . According to Taiwanese publication , on multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly.

In May 2018, the WHO denied access to its annual assembly by Taiwanese media, reportedly due to demands from China. Later in May 172 members of the wrote to the Director-General of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA. The United States, Japan, Germany, and Australia all support Taiwan's inclusion in WHO.

Pressure to allow Taiwan to participate in WHO increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with Taiwan's exclusion from emergency meetings concerning the outbreak bringing a rare united front from Taiwan's diverse political parties. Taiwan's main opposition party, the , expressed their anger at being excluded arguing that disease respects neither politics nor geography. China once again dismissed concerns over Taiwanese inclusion with the Foreign Minister claiming that no-one cares more about the health and wellbeing of the Taiwanese people than China's central government. During the outbreak Canadian Prime Minister voiced his support for Taiwan's participation in WHO, as did Japanese Prime Minister . In January 2020 the , a WHO observer, backed Taiwan's participation in WHO meetings related to the coronavirus pandemic as well as their general participation.

In a 2020 interview, assistant director-general appeared to dodge a question from reporter Yvonne Tong about Taiwan's response to the pandemic and inclusion in the WHO, and when the question was repeated, the connection was "cut off" blaming internet connection issues. When the video chat was restarted, he was asked another question about Taiwan. He responded by indicating that they had already discussed China and formally ended the interview. This incident led to accusations about China's political influence over the international organization.

Taiwan’s effective response to the 2019-20 has bolstered its case for WHO membership. Taiwan’s response to the outbreak has been praised by a number of experts. In early May 2020, expressed support for Taiwan's bid to rejoin the WHO during a media conference. The New Zealand Government subsequently supporting Taiwan's bid to join the WHO, putting NZ alongside Australia and the United States who have taken similar positions.

On 9 May, Congressmen , the chairman of the , , the House Committee's ranking member, Senator , the Republican chairman of the , and Senator , the Senate Committee's ranking Democratic member, submitted a joint letter to nearly 60 "like-minded" countries including Canada, Thailand, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, urging them to support Taiwan's participation in the World Health Organization.

Travel expenses According to , the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, , and combined. In 2016, , Director-General of WHO from January 2007 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000-per-night hotel room while visiting West Africa.

Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador On 21 October 2017, the Director-General appointed former Zimbabwean president as a to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe.

The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health. Due to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked.

2019–20 COVID-19 pandemic Main article: The WHO's handling of the pandemic has come under criticism amidst what has been described as the agency's "diplomatic balancing act" between "China and China's critics", including scrutiny of the relationship between the agency and Chinese authorities. Initial concerns included the observation that while WHO relies upon data provided and filtered by member states, China has had a "historical aversion to transparency and sensitivity to international criticism".

The World Health Organization's representative in Beijing said the decision to lock down Wuhan demonstrated commitment on the part of Chinese authorities. Commentators including John Mackenzie of the WHO's emergency committee and Anne Schuchat of the US' CDC have indicated concern that China's official tally of cases and deaths may be an underestimation. David Heymann, professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the , said in response to skepticism on transparency that "China has been very transparent and open in sharing its data … they're sharing it very well and they opened up all of their files with the WHO present."

Opposition from United States federal government On 14 April 2020, United States President pledged to halt United States funding to the WHO while reviewing its role in "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus." The United States had paid half of its annual assessed fees to the WHO as of 31 March 2020; it would ordinarily pay its remaining fees in September 2020. World leaders and health experts largely condemned President Trump's announcement, which came amid criticism of his response to the outbreak in the United States. WHO called the announcement "regrettable" and defended its actions in alerting the world to the emergence of COVID-19. Trump critics also said that such a suspension would be illegal, though legal experts speaking to said its legality could depend on the particular way in which the suspension was executed.

On 8 May 2020, the United States blocked a vote on a U.N. Security Council resolution aimed at promoting nonviolent international cooperation during the pandemic. The United States had objected to the original text of the resolution because it mentioned the World Health Organization, and it also objected to an attempted compromise that referred instead to U.N. "specialized health agencies."

On 18 May 2020, Trump threatened to permanently terminate all American funding of WHO and consider ending U.S. membership if there were not "substantive improvements within the next 30 days". On 29 May 2020, President Trump announced plans to withdraw the U.S. from the WHO, though it was unclear whether he had the authority to do so.

Traditional medicine WHO has been moving toward acceptance and integration of and (TCM). In 2022, the new , ICD-11, will attempt to enable classifications from traditional medicine to be integrated with classifications from . Though Chinese authorities have pushed for the change, this and other support of the WHO for traditional medicine has been criticized by the medical and scientific community, due to lack of evidence and the risk of endangering wildlife hunted for traditional remedies. A WHO spokesman said that the inclusion was "not an endorsement of the scientific validity of any Traditional Medicine practice or the efficacy of any Traditional Medicine intervention."

World headquarters The seat of the organization is in , . It was designed by Swiss architect and inaugurated in 1966. In 2017, the organization launched an international competition to redesign and extend its headquarters.

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